Capital in the Twenty First Century after Capital in the Twenty First Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.40635Keywords:
Capital, Wealth, Piketty, Wealth-Income ratioAbstract
Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century stands as a landmark in economic literature, deservedly lauded for its engaging narrative on inequality. I argue that one of the important features of this book was the use of a simple result in economic theory as a rhetorical device to explain the history of wealth accumulation and concentration. Piketty reformulates it as the “second fundamental law of capitalism” and explains differences in wealth-income ratios (β) in rich countries using variation in growth rates. I use a larger sample of countries, whose data appeared after the publication of Capital, to show that this law is not generalizable. This result is driven by the fact that despite structural differences in per-capita growth, wealth-income ratios are large in many big economies.
References
Alvaredo, F., L. Chancel, T. Piketty, E. Saez, and G. Zucman (2018): World Inequality Report 2018, Belknap Press.
Anand, I. and R. Kumar (2024): “The sky and the stratosphere: Wealth concentration in India during the last (lost) decade,” Review of Income and Wealth, 70, 747–765.
Assa, J. and I. H. Kvangraven (2021): “Imputing away the ladder: Implications of changes in GDP measurement for convergence debates and the political economy of development,” New Political Economy, 26, 985–1014.
Blanco, M. A., L. Bauluz, and C. Martínez-Toledano (2021): “Wealth in Spain 1900-2017 a Country of two Lands,” The Economic Journal, 131, 129–155.
King, J. E. (2017): “The literature on Piketty,” Review of Political Economy, 29, 1–17.
Krugman, P. (2014): “Why we’re in a New Gilded Age,” New York Review of Books.
Krusell, P. and A. A. Smith Jr (2015): “Is Piketty’s "second law of capitalism" fundamental?” Journal of Political Economy, 123, 725–748.
Kumar, R. (2025): “Economic growth and Indian wealth-income ratios in the long run: 1860-2018,” Metroeconomica, 76.
Madsen, J. B. (2019): “Wealth and inequality over eight centuries of British capitalism,” Journal of Development Economics, 138, 246–260.
Milanovic, B. (2014): “The return of "patrimonial capitalism": a review of Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the twenty-first century,” Journal of Economic Literature, 52, 519-534.
----- (2016): Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization, Harvard University Press.
----- (2019): Capitalism, alone: The future of the system that rules the world, Harvard University Press.
Naidu, S. (2017): “A political economy take on W/Y,” After Piketty: The agenda for economics and inequality, 99–125.
Novokmet, F., T. Piketty, and G. Zucman (2018): “From Soviets to oligarchs: inequality and property in Russia 1905–2016,” The Journal of Economic Inequality, 16, 189–223.
Orthofer, A., S. Du Plessis, and M. Reid (2019): “Private wealth in a developing country: evidence from South Africa,” Review of Income and Wealth, 65, 632–656.
Piketty, T. (2011): “On the long-run evolution of inheritance: France 18202050,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126, 1071–1131.
----- (2014): Capital in the Twenty First Century, Harvard University Press.
----- (2020): Capital and Ideology, Harvard University Press.
Piketty, T., L. Yang, and G. Zucman (2019): “Capital accumulation, private property, and rising inequality in China, 1978-2015,” American Economic Review, 109, 2469–2496.
Piketty, T. and G. Zucman (2014): “Capital is back: Wealth-income ratios in rich countries 1700- 2010,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129, 1255–1310.
Scheidel, W. (2017): The great leveler: Violence and the history of inequality from the stone age to the twenty-first century, Princeton University Press.
Semieniuk, G. (2017): “Piketty’s elasticity of substitution: A critique,” Review of Political Economy, 29, 64–79.
----- (2024): “Inconsistent definitions of GDP: Implications for estimates of decoupling, ”Ecological Economics, 215, 108000.
Taylor, L. (2014): “The Triumph of the Rentier? Thomas Piketty vs. Luigi Pasinetti and John Maynard Keynes,” International Journal of Political Economy, 43, 4–17.
Waldenström, D. (2017): “Wealth-income ratios in a small, developing economy: Sweden, 1810-2014,” The Journal of Economic History, 77, 285–313.
----- (2024): “Wealth and history: A reappraisal,” Explorations in Economic History, 94, 101624.


